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Footage of Japan's devastating inundation is providing vital information that will help engineers prepare for the next big one
THE world looked on in horror a year ago, as news agencies broadcast eyewitness videos of Japan's devastating tsunami. Now researchers have used two of these videos to provide new insight into the raging currents involved. This sort of information is crucial to authorities in tsunami-prone zones worldwide as they reconsider their plans in the wake of a disaster that saw almost 20,000 people swept to their deaths.
The engineers behind the analysis are now calling for video cameras to be routinely deployed for tsunami monitoring. "We have the technology: security cameras," says Costas Synolakis at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. "All we have to do is point them in the right direction."
Computer simulations have already been developed that describe how the waves behave when out at sea and as they near the coast. Once a tsunami hits land, however, it is very hard to predict where the water will go.
Investigators can record high-water marks left on buildings and other structures after the event. "But you have no idea how fast the water was moving," says Hermann Fritz of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Savannah. That's a big problem when it comes to designing buildings to survive the next onslaught, and planning the best evacuation routes.
After the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004, Fritz and Synolakis analysed videos taken by survivors in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, estimating the currents at between 2 and 5 metres per second. But these videos were shot more than 3 kilometres inland, after the waves had begun to slow down.
By contrast, the Japanese fishing port of Kesennuma was on the front line on 11 March 2011, when a tsunami triggered by the magnitude 9.0 megaquake at Tohoku breached Japan's coastal defences. Eyewitnesses who had fled to the rooftops of two tall buildings - belonging to the Japanese coast guard and the Miyagi Prefecture government (both pictured) - documented the devastation with handheld camcorders.
Fritz, Synolakis and their colleagues used the shaky videos to painstakingly reconstruct the event, recording water heights and flow rates as Kesennuma was engulfed. The researchers used laser rangefinding to match the cameras' fields of view to their real-world coordinates, and were able to correct for the motion of the cameras to calculate rates of flow.
The waves rose to a height of 9 metres in the city, and currents reached a peak of 11 metres per second - almost 40 kilometres per hour - as the water rushed back out to sea (Geophysical Research Letters, DOI: 10.1029/2011GL050686).
Synolakis suggests that an automated tsunami-monitoring system could be built using existing cameras deployed in harbours for security.
"It's a really interesting idea," says Althea Rizzo, who is responsible for seismic hazard planning with Oregon Emergency Management in Salem. "This information would be absolutely invaluable."
In California, researchers are currently analysing videos taken by harbour cameras of the waves that travelled all the way across the Pacific Ocean after Japan's megaquake. Boats and docks suffered damage totalling millions of dollars, and state officials want to minimise such losses in future. "We have hundreds of videos that we plan to go through," says Rick Wilson of the California Geological Survey in Sacramento.
Automated camera systems watching for tsunamis could warn areas further down the coast that something truly monstrous is on the way.
Today's warning systems can predict when a tsunami will strike land, but aren't good at estimating how big the waves will be when they arrive. Japan has an additional system of buoys that record vertical deflections as tsunami waves enter waters near the coast. Nevertheless, the true magnitude of the 11 March tsunami only became apparent as the waves came ashore.
It would not help the first places to be hit, but video data could trigger specific warnings of a major wave to cities further down the coast, giving vital minutes for people to escape.
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Pop star Lady Gaga marked the official launch of her new charity foundation at Harvard University on Wednesday. The "Bad Romance" hitmaker was mobbed by dozens of fans as she arrived at the presti
Pop star Lady Gaga marked the official launch of her new charity foundation at Harvard University on Wednesday. The "Bad Romance" hitmaker was mobbed by dozens of fans as she arrived at the presti
Gaga launched her "Born this Way" foundation at Harvard. (AP Photo/Charles Krupa) CAMBRIDGE, Mass. ? Lady Gaga caused quite a sensation Wednesday on Harvard University's campus. The singer was at the school to launch her Born This Way Foundation with
Lady Gaga is expected to be joined by Oprah Winfrey and US Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius at Harvard University for the launch of the singer's Born This Way Foundation. ?AP ladygaga2 . JPG.
Lady Gaga is expected to be joined by Oprah Winfrey and US Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius at Harvard University for the launch of the singer's Born This Way Foundation. ?AP ladygaga2 . JPG.
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Forget Apple at $550, Steve Wozniak sees $1000.
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Alexandria Martinez, 12, lights a candle for her best friend, Joanna Ramos, 11, at Williard Elementary in Long Beach. (AP)
The Los Angeles County coroner's office was investigating how Joanna Ramos could leave the alley near her Long Beach elementary school with a bloody nose and end up dying in an intensive care unit.
The cause of death, and the circumstances behind it left family, friends and authorities confused and seeking answers.
"I personally don't hear of 11-year-old fights like this especially girls. I can't say they never happen but I think everyone was completely caught off-guard by this event." police spokeswoman Nancy Pratt said Sunday.
Pratt urged caution about linking the fight to the girl's death with certainty until a coroner's report is released. Police, who have interviewed the other girl involved in the fight, were investigating and said that no arrests are immediately planned.
Joanna returned to an after-school program after the fight, but her mother was called when she wasn't feeling well.
"My daughter started complaining, saying she doesn't feel good, let's go home, so we went to home and I changed her clothes, and she go to sleep, that's the only thing that I know," Joanna's mother, Cecilia Villanueva told KNBC-TV. "We took her to the hospital but it was too late. She was in a coma."
Ramos died at a hospital at 9 p.m. Friday, about six hours after the fight near Willard Elementary, police said. Authorities have not released the girl's name but Villanueva told KNBC the girl who died was her daughter, Joanna.
"I want to know what happened," she said through tears.
Stephanie Guadalupe, a friend of Joanna, said the girls were fighting over a boy.
"I told the teacher and she said she would talk to all the girls on Monday," Guadalupe said.
"They took off their backpacks, and they put their hair in a bun, and then that's when they said 'go' and that's when they started hitting each other," Joanna's friend and classmate Maggie Martinez, who watched the fight, told KNBC.
Martinez and other friends said they tried to stop the fight, but were held back by boys who were watching and wanted it to continue.
"There are times when words do not convey the sense of sadness we feel," Mayor Bob Foster said at a press conference. "This is one of those times."
Source: http://www.blackamericaweb.com/?q=articles/news/the_black_diaspora_news/37491
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Business Travel Tours
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